Manual method manual slope staking using a rag tape, fiberglass rod and level. Ken snelgrove lect 7 sept 2407 slide 2 of 7 taping distance errors quanti. Methods and procedure of tunnel surveying is discussed. Chain survey procedure, applicability, survey stations. In surveying, tape correction s refer s to correcting measurements for the effect of slope angle, expansion or contraction due to temperature, and the tape s sag, which varies with the applied tension. The perfect measuring tape company surveyors tape measure. Money back guarantee we are confident you will be satisfied with the quality of our. The principle of chain surveying is to provide a skeleton framework of straight lines, which can be plotted to scale if the lengths of these lines are predetermined either with a chain or a surveying tape. This is the 2nd course held at agrosphere project base jamama and is expected to take a duration of two months from mid march to mid my 2004. Maximum tolerances plus minus in mm for steel measuring tapes. Tools and equipments required include chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and, sometimes, a cross staff. This manual is produced to assist the surveyor trainees understand the basics of surveying using a level instrument particularly the dumpy level. Chain surveying is best used for smaller planes with few details.
The distances determined by chaining form the basis of all surveying. In the 1600s, the english crown believed it owned all of north america by right of either discovery or conquest. Because surveying was usually done in rods, surveyors use long tapes of 33 feet 2 rods, and 66 feet 4 rods. The distances are written on the tape in m, cm, etc. Types of chains used in surveying, their parts, testing. The necessary requirements for field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and. For more information, refer to references on page 41. These types of chain consist of a long narrow strip of steel of uniform width of 12 to 16 mm and thickness of 0. Tunnel surveying methods and procedure of tunnel surveying. The chain surveying is the most commonly used surveying for quick and short measurements. When the tape becomes taut, the 40ft length from c will be perpendicular to ab. Chain surveys require a chain, tape, ranging rods, arrows and a timecross staff. Minor survey instruments boxsextant, planimeter, pantagraph, their working principles and uses.
Types of surveying chains and tapes civil engineering. Chain or tape, arrows, pegs, ranging rods, offset rods, laths or whites, plumb bob, cross staff and mallet. Measuring tapes distance measuring surveying equipment. Chains or tapes are used to measure distances on the field.
Leveling this is the measurement and mapping of the relative heights of points on the earths. In this method thelengths of lines marked on the field are measured, while the details are measured byoffsets and ties from these lines. Precise measurements of distance is made by means of a steel tape 30 m or 50 m in length. It consists of a varnished strip of woven linen 12 to 16 mm wide and it is attached to a spindle in a leather case into which it is wound. Teacher notes and instructions for chain surveying activity. Surveying requires good spatial skills, ability to think and visualise in 3 dimensions attention to accuracy and detail due to the current shortage, surveying presents good career opportunities for students with ability in mathematics and an understanding of physical sciences. This is a quick survey carried out in the field with the measurements and drawings made at the same time using a plane table. Tunnel surveying is a type of underground surveying for the construction of tunnels. Setting out a chain line as part of a chain and offset survey to carry out, for example, detail mapping. A tape can be, and often is, detached from the reel, however, for more convenient use in taping. Surveyor swings the tape on chain line and selects the point on the chain where offset distance is the least fig. With two or more groups, one group can do the surveying while the others observe. Dosto is video me maine civil engineering keep surveying field me use hone wali chain ke bare me bat kari h. The base line passes through the center of the field.
This tape may be 50 or 100 ft long and graduated in feet, tenths, and halftenths. Set the zerofoot end of the tape on d and the 100ft end on c. For example measuring rods can be replaced with measuring tape. Tape used for chain surveying metallic tape cloth tapes reinforced with brass, copper and bronze wires to prevent it from stretching. Tape is provided in leather case fitted with winding device. Jun 16, 2015 chain surveying, it is a method of surveying in which no angles are measured but only linear measurement is taken in the field by using a chain or tape measure. Quality since 1912 the perfect measuring tape company produces and supplies quality linear measurement products from toledo, ohio for over 100 years. In this survey only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation etc. Types of measuring chains and tapes in civil surveying. Various types of surveying tapes are shown in figure 16. During measurements, it is impossible to set out all the chain lines in a straightforward method.
Surveying tapes are made of various materials and therefore can be divided into different types as follows. Before use it is desirable to ascertain its actual length absolute length by comparing it with the standard of known length, which can be done for a small fee by the survey and standards department. Tape a stylon tape is made of plasticcoated steel, giving both stability and durability. If the area to be surveyed is more than km2, the anglesmeasured on the surface of the earth can not be in a planesurface, but are in a curved. The metallic end of the tape is also taken into account while measuring the length. Have a person hold the 50ft and 60ft marks on the tape together and run out the bight. Types of chains used in surveying, their parts, testing and. The equipment used to conduct chain survey are simple to use, the equipment used in chain survey can easily be replaced.
The chapter has been revised with respect to general surveying practices relevant to the nrcs engineering practices and includes new sec. Chain survey is simplest and commonest method used in surveying exercises. It is used for small linear measurements and for taking offsets. Special instructions on the type of survey and the equipment that must be used in the tunnel surveying procedure, for the tunnel construction are initially given by the planners.
A second tape measure design is what is called the long tape. Read chapter 6 in the elementary surveying, 11th ed. If carefully done, it gives quite accurate results. It is the main and longest line from which all measurements to demonstrate details of the work are taken. If the pull during measurement in not the same at which the tape is standardised then the correction for pull is necessary. Chain survey method for performing chain surveying how to. Triangular engineer scale tape details additional information the engineer scale tapes are the new standard for scaling plans in the field or office one of the main problems with triangular rules is they cannot easily be taken out o. Chain survey procedure, applicability, survey stations and their. They may be made of a ribbon or a band of steel, an alloy of steel, cloth reinforced with metal, or synthetic materials. This is the simple method of taking the linear measurement using a chain or tape with no angular measurements made.
Topographic surveying 31920 department of geography and environment md. Tape and offset survey, which can also be called baseline offset survey, involves using an oldfashioned tape measure stretched across an area of the site to create a baseline. Solving these 120 examlike surveying problems will help you gain confidence to take and pass the surveying portion of the california special civil engineer exam. This is most suitable adapted to small plane areas with very few details. It is a continuation of the first course held in the same.
Examples of usage measuring distances for a variety of survey purposes, such as the length of a base line between two survey stations. An assistant holds the end of the tape on the object. Geodetic surveyingplane surveying does not take into account the curvature ofthe earths surface, and the surface of the earth is treated as aplane surface. To survey an area by chain survey across obstacles and to calculate the obstructed lengths by using different methods.
Tape correction, sag correction and pull correction. Chain surveying is a type of survey in which the surveyor takes measurements in the field and then completes plot calculations and other processes in the office. If the temperature is above standard, then the tape is too long, and a measured distance will be too short. Write the names of the instruments used in chain surveying. For easy use and workability band chains are wound on steel. The head tapeperson takes one end of the tape walks down the line towards the point if the distance is more than 100ft.
Instruments used in chain survey chain used for surveying. The lines that join main stations are termed as chain line or main survey lines. Tapes the metallic tape is a ribbon of waterproof fabric into which small brass or bronze wires are woven to prevent stretching. Any discussion of ohio lands must start with a brief history, so here we go. Chain surveying definition, details, procedure civil. Chapter 1 surveying preface this manual is a revision of the engineering survey chapter of the 1969 soil conservation services engineering field manual for conservation practices. June 2012 introduction most people have an understanding that surveying is only restricted to field work on construction sites. Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on, above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurement of distance, direction and elevation. A chain is made of steel, which has good stability. Tapes are used for the measurement of linear distance. Highway surveying manual page 155 january 2005 construction survey procedures figure 152b hand written generated slope stake notes there are various ways to slope stake a project, depending on which method you choose. L length of measured line in m p0 standard pull in newtons. Chain tape surveying is the simplest form of detail surveying.
Advantages and disadvantages of chains in surveying advantages of chains in surveying. What are the instruments required for a chain survey. Compact tape measure collapsible carrying strap allows for quick access and gets the job done quickly. To introduce the concepts of horizontal distance measuring instruments and the associated errors that may have committed during measurements.
In this method, the lengths of lines marked on the field are measured, while the details are measured by offsets and ties from these lines. These are cased tape measures with tapes of 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, and even 500 feet in length, designed for engineers and builders. Our longest range tape is the 100metre sccs steel surveyors band manufactured by richter. Tallies are fixed at every fivemeter length and brass rings are provided at every meter length except where tallies are attached. Topographic surveying chain and tape survey introduction. A steel tape is sometimes equipped with a reel on which the tape can be wound. Not correcting for these effects gives rise to systematic errors, i.